![]() Skills can shape specialisation in GVCs, and shows how these characteristics have to correspond to industries’ requirementsįor these industries to be able to export more. It also considers which characteristics of Which types of skills are important for participation and performance in GVCs. This chapter goes deeper by investigating Chapter 2 showed that a broad range of skills can help countries to realise the benefits of GVCs. ![]() Use and efficient allocation of skills to industries. ![]() Countries are increasinglyĬompeting not only through the education level of their population but also through the quality of skills, their effective This advantage is vanishing as tertiary education expands in many developing and emerging economies. ![]() Many OECD countries used to enjoy a comparative advantage because the education level of their population was higher, but Skills are most often approximated by educational attainment and the emergence of this new pattern of trade, GVCs, is not Studies that have tried to assess these links empirically share two types of limitation, however, both due to lack of data: Skills as one of the factors that have a strong direct effect on countries’ industry specialisation and international integration. The Heckscher-Ohlin model, a pillar of international trade theory, identifies To specialise in high-skilled segments of exports. ![]() Trade performance and specialisation, and that a skilled workforce is a source of comparative advantage that enables countries Trade experts consider that skills play an important role in countries’ While skills are believed to make a crucial contribution to performance in global value chains (GVCs), there is little evidenceĪbout how skills actually affect such performance. Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Baltic States Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China, People’s Republic Chinese Taipei Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Euro Area European Union Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova, Republic of Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Authority Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania, United Republic of Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Türkiye Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States United States Minor Outlying Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, U.S. ![]()
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